Bones
Axial Skeleton: bones of skull, thoracic cage and vertebral column Appendicular Skeleton: bones of the upper and lower extremities
oss/e, oss/I, osteo/o, ost/o refer to bones. arthr/o refers to joints.
- Bone Marrow
- Related Combining Form(s):
myel/o(also means spinal cord) - Primary Function(s):
- Red bone marrow forms some blood cells.
- Yellow bone marrow stores fat.
- Cartilage
- Related Combining Form(s):
chondr/o - Primary Function(s):
- Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints.
- Protects the ends of the bones.
- Joints
- Related Combining Form(s):
arthr/o - Primary Function(s):
- Work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible.
- Ligaments
- Related Combining Form(s):
ligament/o - Primary Function(s):
- Connect one bone to another.
- Synovial Membrane
- Related Combining Form(s):
synovi/o,synov/o - Primary Function(s):
- Forms the lining of synovial joints.
- Secretes synovial fluid, the lubricant that reduces friction between joints.
- Bursa
- Related Combining Form(s):
burs/o - Primary Function(s):
- Cushions areas of joints that are subject to friction during movement.
Healthcare
- Chiropractor
- Specialists in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine.
- Orthopedic Surgeon
- Physician who specializes in diseases and disorders involving bones, joints, and muscles.
- Podiatrist
- Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot.
- Rheumatologist
- Specializes in diagnosing and treatment of arthritis as well as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and surrounding connective tissues.
Pathologies
- Ankylosis
- Loss or absence of motility in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgical procedure.
- Note: ankyl means crooked, bent, or stiff.
- Arthrosclerosis
- Stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly.
- Bursitis
- Inflammation of the bursa.
- Dislocation
- Displacement of a bone from its joint.
- Arthritis
- Inflammation of a joint.
- Note: There are over 100 types of arthritis and related diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).
- Scoliosis
- Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
- Osteomalacia
- Abnormal softening of bone.
- Clubfoot
- Congenital deformity of the foot.
- Osteoporosis
- Loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity, frequently associated with aging.
- Fracture
- Broken bone.
- Note: There are many types of fractures.
Muscles
- The Muscular System
- Related Combining Form(s):
my/o,myos/o - Primary Function(s):
- Make body movement possible.
- Hold body erect.
- Move body fluids.
- Produce body heat.
- Fascia
- Related Combining Form(s):
fasci/o - Primary Function(s):
- Cover, support, and separate muscles.
- Tendons
- Related Combining Form(s):
ten/o,tend/o,tendin/o - Primary Function(s):
- Attach muscles to bones.
Types
- Skeletal muscle
- found attached to bones; responsible for voluntary movement of the body
- Smooth muscle
- located in blood vessels and digestive tract; responsible for involuntary movement of fluid
- Cardiac muscle
- located in the heart; responsible for involuntary contraction of heart which pumps blood
Pathology
- Achilles tendinitis
- A painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress placed on the tendon
- Ataxia
- Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
- Atrophy
- The wasting or thinning of tissue (muscle atrophy refers to muscle tissue)
- Dyskinesia
- Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
- Hernia
- Occurs when a tissue protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it
- Muscular dystrophy
- General term for a large group of diseases that are characterized by progressive muscular weakness and degeneration of the skeleton muscles that control movement
- Paraplegia
- Paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body
- Plantar fasciitis
- Inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot
- Sarcopenia
- Loss of muscle mass, strength and the function that come with aging
- Torticollis
- Stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head to the affected side
Word List
Word Parts
- ankyl/o
- crooked, bent, stiff
- arthr/o
- joint
- burs/o
- bursa, sac of fluid near joint
- chondr/i, chondr/o
- cartilage
- cost/o
- rib
- crani/o
- skull
- -desis
- to bind, tie together
- kyph/o
- bent, hump
- lord/o
- curve, swayback, bent
- lumb/o
- lumbar, lower back, loin
- myel/o
- spinal cord, bone marrow
- oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
- bone
- scoli/o
- curved, bent
- spondyl/o
- vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
- synovi/o, synov/o
- synovial membrane, synovial fluid
- bi-
- twice, double, two
- clon/o
- violent action
- dys-
- bad, difficult, painful
- fasci/o
- fascia, fibrous band
- fibr/o
- fibrous tissue, fiber
- -ia
- abnormal condition, disease
- -ic
- pertaining to
- kines/o, kinesi/o
- movement
- -lysis
- breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening
- my/o
- muscle
- -plegia
- paralysis, stroke
- tax/o
- coordination, order
- ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
- tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
- ton/o
- tension, tone, stretching
- tri-
- three
Terms
- abduction ab-DUCK-shun
- Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body.
- acetabulum ass-eh-TAB-you-lum
- The large circular cavity in each side of the pubic bone, that is commonly known as the hip socket.
- adduction ah-DUCK-shun
- The movement of a limb toward the midline of the body.
- adhesion ad-HEE-zhun
- A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
- allogenic al-oh-JEN-ick
- Originating within another.
- ankylosing spondylitis ang-kih-LOH-sing spon-dih-LYE-tis
- A form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae.
- arthrodesis ar-throh-DEE-sis
- A surgical procedure to stiffen a joint such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder.
- arthroscopy ar-THROS-koh-pee
- The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint.
- ataxia ah-TACK-see-ah
- The inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement.
- atonic ah-TON-ick
- Lacking normal muscle tone or strength.
- atrophy AT-roh-fee
- Weakness or wearing away of body tissues or structures.
- autologous aw-TOL-uh-guss
- Originating within an individual.
- avascular necrosis ay-VAS-cue-ler neh-KROH-sis
- The death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply.
- Also called osteonecrosis.
- bone marrow transplant
- A procedure that infuses healthy blood-forming stem cells into your body to replace bone marrow that's not producing enough healthy blood cells.
- Also called a stem cell transplant.
- bradykinesia brad-ee-kih-NEE-zee-ah
- Extreme slowness of movement.
- callus KAL-us
- An area of thickened and sometimes hardened skin that forms as a response to repeated friction, pressure, or other irritation.
- carpal tunnel syndrome KAR-pul
- Occurs when the tendons passing through the carpal tunnel of the wrist are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.
- chondromalacia kon-droh-mah-LAY-shee-ah
- The abnormal softening of the cartilage.
- chronic fatigue syndrome
- A debilitating disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and can be made worse by physical or mental activity.
- circumduction ser-kum-DUCK-shun
- The circular movement at the far end of a limb.
- comminuted fracture KOM-ih-newt-ed
- One in which the bone is splintered or crushed.
- compression fracture
- A broken bone that occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself.
- costochondritis kos-toh-kon-DRIGH-tis
- An inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.
- crepitation krep-ih-TAY-shun
- The crackling sound heard when ends of a broken bone move together.
- dorsiflexion dor-sih-FLECK-shun
- Movement that bends the foot upward, at the ankle.
- dual x-ray absorptiometry ab-sorp-shee-OM-eh-tree
- A low exposure radiographic measure of the spine and hips to measure bone density.
- dyskinesia dis-kih-NEE-zee-ah
- The distortion or impairment of involuntary movement, as in a tic or spasm.
- dystonia dis-TOH-nee-ah
- A condition of abnormal muscle tone.
- electromyography ee-leck-troh-my-OG-rah-fee
- A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation.
- epicondylitis ep-ih-kon-dih-LYE-tis
- The inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow.
- ergonomics er-goh-NOM-icks
- The study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools in the work environment.
- exercise physiologist fiz-ee-OL-oh-jist
- A specialist who works under physician supervision to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness.
- fasciitis fas-ee-EYE-tis
- The inflammation of a fascia.
- fat embolus EM-boh-lus
- When particles of fat get into your bloodstream and block blood flow.
- fibromyalgia figh-broh-my-AL-jee-ah
- A chronic condition of unknown cause characterized by uncontrollable fatigue and widespread pain in the muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
- ganglion cyst GANG-glee-on SIST
- A harmless fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.
- gout GOWT
- Gout is a painful form of arthritis.
- When your body has extra uric acid, sharp crystals can form in your joints.
- hallux valgus HAL-ucks VAL-guss
- Also known as a bunion.
- An abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe.
- heel spur
- A calcium deposit in the planter fascia, near its attachment to the heel bone, that can be one of the causes of a planter fasciitis.
- hemarthrosis hem-ar-THROH-sis
- Blood within a joint space.
- hemiparesis hem-ee-pah-REE-sis
- A slight paralysis of one side of the body.
- hemiplegia hem-ee-PLEE-jee-ah
- The total paralysis of one side of the body.
- hernia HER-nee-ah
- A hernia usually happens in your abdomen or groin.
- When one of your organs pushes through the muscle or tissue that contains it.
- hyperkinesia high-per-kye-NEE-zee-ah
- Abnormally increased motor function or activity.
- hypotonia high-poh-TOH-nee-ah
- A condition of decreased tone of the skeletal muscles.
- impingement syndrome im-PINJ-ment SIN-drohm
- A condition that occurs within the shoulder joint when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones of the joint.
- insertion
- The act of putting something inside something else.
- intermittent claudication klaw-dih-KAY-shun
- Pain in the leg muscles that occurs in the legs during exercise and is relieved by rest.
- internal fixation
- A fracture treatment in which pins, or plate, are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place.
- juvenile iodiopathic arthritis id-ee-oh-PATH-ick ar-THRIGH-tis
- The most common type of arthritis in children younger than age 16.
- kyphosis kye-FOH-sis
- An abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side.
- laminectomy lam-ih-NECK-toh-mee
- The surgical removal of the lamina from the vertebrae.
- lordosis lor-DOH-sis
- An abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine.
- lumbago lum-BAY-goh
- Pain in he lumbar region of the spine.
- Also known as low-back pain.
- malleolus mal-LEE-oh-lus
- The rounded, boney, protuberance on each side of the ankle.
- manubrium mah-NEW-bree-um
- The bone that forms the upper portion of the sternum.
- metacarpals met-ah-KAR-palz
- The five bones that form the palm of the hand.
- metatarsals met-ah-TAHR-salz
- The five metatarsals are the bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached.
- multiple myeloma my-eh-LOH-mah
- A malignant tumor composed of blood forming tissues of the bone marrow.
- muscular dystrophy DIS-troh-fee
- A group of inherited muscle disorders that cause muscle weakness without affecting the nervous system.
- myasthenia gravis my-as-THEE-nee-ah GRAH-vis
- A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of the voluntary muscles.
- myoclonus my-oh-KLOH-nus
- A spasm of twitching of a muscle or group of muscles.
- myofascial release my-oh-FASH-ee-ahl
- A specialized soft tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, and myofascial pain syndrome.
- myoparesis my-oh-PAR-eh-sis
- A weakness or slight paralysis of a muscle.
- Myorrhaphy my-OR-ah-fee
- Surgical suturing of a muscle.
- Neuromuscular new-roh-MUS-kyou-lar
- Relating to nerves and muscles.
- Oblique oh-BLEEK
- Slanted, or at and angle.
- Open fracture
- A break in which the bone is broken, and there is an open wound in the skin.
- Also known as a compound fracture.
- Origin
- The point or place where something begins, arises, or is derived.
- orthopedic surgeon or-thoh-PEE-dick
- A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.
- Also known as an orthopedist.
- orthotic or-THOT-ick
- A mechanical appliance such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.
- osteitis oss-tee-EYE-tis
- An inflammation of bone.
- osteoarthritis oss-tee-oh-ar-THRIGH-tis
- The form of arthritis that is most commonly associated with aging.
- Also known as wear and tear arthritis.
- osteochondroma oss-tee-oh-kon -DROH-mah
- A benign boney projection covered with cartilage.
- osteomalacia oss-tee-oh-mah-LAY-shee-ah
- Abnormal softening of bones in adults.
- osteomyelitis oss-tee-oh-my-eh-LYE-tis
- An inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone.
- osteopenia oss-tee-oh-PEE-nee-ah
- Thinner than average bone density in a young person.
- osteoporosis oss-tee-oh-poh-ROH-sis
- A marked loss of bone density, and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging.
- osteoporotic hip fracture oss-tee-oh-pah-ROT-ick
- Usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis, and can occur either spontaneously, or as the result of a fall.
- Paget’s disease PAJ-its
- A bone disease of unknown cause.
- paralysis pah-RAL-ih-sis
- The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply.
- paraplegia par-ah-PLEE-jee-ah
- The paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.
- pathologic fracture
- Occurs when a bone breaks under normal strain, because the bone has been weakened by osteoporosis, or to a disease process, such as cancer.
- percutaneous vertebroplasty per-kyou-TAY-nee-us VER-tee-broh-plas-tee
- A minimally invasive procedure performed to treat osteopersosis related compression fractures of the spine.
- physiatrist fiz-ee-AT-rist
- A physician who specilizes in physical medicine and rehabilitation.
- plantar fasciitis PLAN-tar fas-ee-EYE-tis
- An inflammation of the plantar fasciia, causing inflammation and heel pain when walking or running.
- podiatrist poh-DYE-ah-trist
- A specialist who diagnosis and treats disorders of the foot.
- polymyositis pol-ee-my-oh-SIGH-tis
- The inflammation of several skeletal muscles at the same time.
- pronation proh-NAY-shun
- The act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of a hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.
- prosthesis pros-THEE-sis
- An artificial substitute for a diseased or missing body part such as a leg, that has been amputated.
- quadriplegia kwad-rih-PLEE-jee-ah
- The paralysis of all four extremities.
- rheumatoid arthritis ROO-mah-toyd ar-THRIGH-tis
- A chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked.
- rickets RICK-ets
- A disorder in children that involves a softening and weakening of the bones, primarily caused by a a lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphates.
- sarcopenia sar-koh-PEE-nee-ah
- The age related reduction in skeletal muscle mass in the elderly.
- scoliosis skoh-lee-OH-sis
- An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
- shin splint
- A painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the shin bone.
- singultus sing-GUL-tus
- Mylclonus of the diaphram that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm.
- Also known as hiccups.
- sphincter SFINK-ter
- A ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway.
- spina bifida SPY-nah BIF-ih-dah
- A congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it.
- spiral fracture
- A fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart.
- spondylolisthesis spon-dih-loh-liss-THEE-sis
- The forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebre on the vertebrae or sacrum below it.
- spondylosis spon-dih-LOH-sis
- A degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function.
- sprain
- An injury to a joint, such as an ankle, knee, or wrist, that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament.
- subluxation sub-luck-SAY-shun
- The partial displacement of a bone from its joint.
- synovectomy sin-oh-VECK-toh-mee
- The surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint.
- tenodesis ten-ODD-eh-sis
- The surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to the bone.
- tenolysis ten-OL-ih-sis
- To free a tendon from adhesions.
- Torticollis, Wryneck tor-tih-KOL-is
- A twisting of the neck that causes the head to rotate and tilt at an odd angle.
- Transverse trans-VERSE
- A line or plane that intersects another line or plane at a 90° right angle.
- Vertebrae VER-teh-bray
- The bony structure units of the spinal column.