Terminology
- Chondrich... Abbreviation
- Cartilage
Overview
- All Deuterostomes
- Echinoderms
- Hemichordates
- Cephalochordates
- Urochordates
- Vertebrates
Aquatic Vertebrates
- Echinoderms
- Bilateral symmetry as larvae.
- Radial symmetry as adults.
-
Star fish, sea urchins, sea cucumber.
- Urochordates
-
Sea squirts, tunicates
- No coelom, open circulation, asexual or bisexual
- Chordate hallmarks only in embryos
Fishes
- Outgroup
- Hagfish
- No vertebrates
- Jawless Fishes
- Hagfish & Lampreys (parasitic)
- Chondrichthyans
- First fish with jaws
- Cartilage fish, not bony
- Ray-Finned Fish
- First boney fishes
- Vertebral column, skull, brain, heart
- Lobe-Finned Fishes
- Lobe-fins precursors to tetra-pod limbs
- Coelacanth, joints start transitioning to bone.
- Tetrapod limbs are modified fins.
-
Tilaalik Roseae
Land Vertebrates
- Amniotic Eggs
- Allows reptiles/mammals to move further onto land.
- Amniotic egg becomes further modified in mammals.
Reptiles & Birds
- Amphibians
- Have gas exchange through their skin.
- Have moist, slimy skin.
- Require water for reproduction.
- Reptiles
- Do not have slimy skin.
- Do not exchange gas through their skin.
- Their skin is made from keratin.
- Have amniotic eggs.
-
- Lay eggs outside their body
-
- Eggs maintain an aqueous environment (porous).
- Mammals
- Have amniotic eggs.
-
- Feed their young through mammary glands.
-
- Placental: circulatory system bridges fetus to mother.
-
- Fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen from mother's blood.
- Birds
- Feathered reptiles.
- Flight has evolved 3 separate times in vertebrates.
-
- Analogous function; Homologous bone evolution.
Primate Phylogeny
- Wet-Nosed Primates
- Lemurs
- Dry-Nosed Primates
- Orangutans
- Gorilla
- Apes
- Humans
Humans diverge from the LUCA of chimpanzees and bonobos.
Mammals
- Mammals
- Out-group are reptiles
- Have mammary glands
Types of Mammals
- Marsupials
- Placental mammals.
- Live births, nurtured in a pouch.
- Eutherians
- Placental mammals.
- Live, autonomous births.