Terminology
- Chondrich... Abbreviation
- Cartilage
Overview
- All Deuterostomes
- Echinoderms
- Hemichordates
- Cephalochordates
- Urochordates
- Vertebrates
Aquatic Vertebrates
- Echinoderms
- Bilateral symmetry as larvae.
- Radial symmetry as adults.
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Star fish, sea urchins, sea cucumber.
- Urochordates
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Sea squirts, tunicates
- No coelom, open circulation, asexual or bisexual
- Chordate hallmarks only in embryos
Fishes
- Outgroup
- Hagfish
- No vertebrates
- Jawless Fishes
- Hagfish & Lampreys (parasitic)
- Chondrichthyans
- First fish with jaws
- Cartilage fish, not bony
- Ray-Finned Fish
- First boney fishes
- Vertebral column, skull, brain, heart
- Lobe-Finned Fishes
- Lobe-fins precursors to tetra-pod limbs
- Coelacanth, joints start transitioning to bone.
- Tetrapod limbs are modified fins.
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Tilaalik Roseae
Land Vertebrates
- Amniotic Eggs
- Allows reptiles/mammals to move further onto land.
- Amniotic egg becomes further modified in mammals.
Reptiles & Birds
- Amphibians
- Have gas exchange through their skin.
- Have moist, slimy skin.
- Require water for reproduction.
- Reptiles
- Do not have slimy skin.
- Do not exchange gas through their skin.
- Their skin is made from keratin.
- Have amniotic eggs.
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- Lay eggs outside their body
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- Eggs maintain an aqueous environment (porous).
- Mammals
- Have amniotic eggs.
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- Feed their young through mammary glands.
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- Placental: circulatory system bridges fetus to mother.
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- Fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen from mother's blood.
- Birds
- Feathered reptiles.
- Flight has evolved 3 separate times in vertebrates.
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- Analogous function; Homologous bone evolution.
Primate Phylogeny
- Wet-Nosed Primates
- Lemurs
- Dry-Nosed Primates
- Orangutans
- Gorilla
- Apes
- Humans
Humans diverge from the LUCA of chimpanzees and bonobos.
Mammals
- Mammals
- Out-group are reptiles
- Have mammary glands
Types of Mammals
- Marsupials
- Placental mammals.
- Live births, nurtured in a pouch.
- Eutherians
- Placental mammals.
- Live, autonomous births.
Study Guide
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What is the difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis?
- The difference is in how much their body changes.
- What is the difference between Odonoata (mayfly, damselfly, dragonfly) wings, and the other winged insects?
- What is a haltere? What insects have them?
- What are the characteristics of “true” ‘bugs’ the Hemiptera?
- What is special about wasps, and Hymenoptera in general?
- Are Echinoderms like starfish bilateral – are they triploblastic?
- What is special about chordates (3 characteristics)?
- What is the difference between a nerve cord, and a notochord?
- Where is the anterior-posterior axis in echinoderms? Name some echinoderms.
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What structure did jaws evolve from?
- Jaws evolved from gills.
- What is the difference in lobe fins and ray finned fishes?
- What is the difference between cartilage and bone? Which groups have each?
- How did limbs evolve?
- What is the Tiktaalik? Why is it important, what are its hallmarks? Where does it live today?
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Why are amphibians seen as a transitional species?
- Their larval form relies on gills while their mature form relies on lungs.
- Water is required for reproduction.
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What two large groups of animals have amniotic egg exist?
- Amniotic eggs are present in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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What is the importance of these eggs?
- Eggs maintain an aqueous and nutrient-rich environment for early development.
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What are the similarities between internally and externally incubated eggs?
- Both ensure a homeostatic environment and protects against some external environmental stressors.
- From what vertebrates did birds evolve?
- What are the differences in types of wings in vertebrates? What are the similarities? What is analogous between them, what is homologous among them?
- What differentiates the three groups of mammals? Name each group … describe the specific hallmarks of each.
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What do ALL mammals have in common?
- We all have mammary glands to nurture our young.
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How do we know what our closest relatives (animals) are? What are they? On what basis do we base our conclusions about humans related to other primates
- We know by looking at differences in genetic sequencing. Our common ancestor also bore bonobos and chimpanzees, who are sister species.
- Based on personality differences, our species is likely slightly closer in similarity to chimpanzees.