Sponges

Sponges are the outgroup of animals.

Sponges

Sedentary

Respiration

Filter feeders

Structural Spicules

Are primitive animals.

Beating flagella moves water

Are monoblastic (one tissue layer)

Phagocytosis (choanocytes are phagocytic feeding cells).

Reproduce sexually (fragmentation) or asexually (sperm).

Spongin

A modified collagen protein

Cnidarians

• Are carnivores.
• Aquatic, radial symmetry.
• Are diploblastic (two tissue layers).
• Have cnidocyte cells w/ nematocyst organelle that shoots out neurotoxin to capture prey.

• Such as hydras (jellyfish).

Forms

Polyp

Sessile

Medusa

Motile

Classes

Hydroids

A taxonomic class of individually very small, predatory animals, most of which inhabit saline water.

Hydra

Arthropods

Arthropods

Land or water

Exoskeleton outside the body made of chitin.

Segmented bodies with paired, jointed, appendages.

Crustaceans

Insects Arthropod

Have gas exchange by diffusion.

Most have 2 pairs of wings.

Body segments: Head, thorax, abdomen.

Have mandibles

Arachnids Arthropod

4 pairs of appendages = 8 legs

Are all chelicerates (have fangs)

Pointed mouths used for grasping.

• Not chewing mouthparts

May have hollow chelicerae w/ venom.

Tardigrades Arthropod

Tiny water bears, hardy in dormant states.

Are ecdysozoans that molt.

Types

Lophotrochozoa

Not segmented.

Skeletons are internal, no shedding/molting.

Mollusks

Ecdysozoa

Often jointed.

Molting/shedding insects.

External exoskeleton made of chitin.

Arthropods

Mollusks

• Largest group of marine animals (no joints).
• Have an open circulatory system (except cephalopods: squids, octopus).

Mantle

Fold of tissue secretes calcareous shell for protection.

Mantle Cavity

Contains gills for gas exchange of filter feeding.

Corals

• Are symbiosis of cnidarians (animals) and dinoflagellates (microbial eukaryotes).
• Coral provides protection, living space, nutrients.
• Dinoflagellates provide oxygen, food, increase calcification.

Study Guide

Aquatic

• What is meant by monoblast, diploblast, triploblast?
  • How many germ-layers an organism develops during development.
• What are the main hallmarks/differences distinguishing:
  • Choanoflagellates
    • These are colonial, single-cell organisms. Not animals.
  • Sponges
    • These are old, primitive animals. One germ-layer.
  • Protostomes
    • During gastrulation, blastopore develops into mouth.
  • Deuterostomes
    • During gastrulation, blastopore develops into anus.
• Name some types of heterotrophy
  • Filter feeders, predation, herbivores, omnivores, parasites
• IN which ONE Kingdom are ALL members multicellular? Yes, there is only one:
  • Archaea.
  • Eubacteria.
  • Protista.
  • Fungi.
  • Plantae.
  • Animalia.
• Why are sponges sometimes called 'monoblastic'?
  • Because they only have one germ layer and radial symmetry.
  • How many cell layers?
    • One cell layer.
  • Are there different cell types?
    • Yes, cells can still specialize.
• What does sessile mean?
  • Immobile
• What are main types of symmetry in animals?
  • Radial, bilateral
  • What animal groups fall into each of these categories, from the main phylogenetic tree in the slides?
    • Sponges, cnidarians have radial symmetry.
    • Arthropods, nematodes, vertebrates have bilateral symmetry.
• Where do Cnidarians live? Do they move or not? Sessile or motile?
  • In aquatic condition. They are both sessile and motile depending on form.
• Name at least 2 different types of Cnidarian animals.
  • Jellyfish, hydras.
• How many tissue layers do Cnidarians have (see phylogeny tree).
  • They have two tissue layers (diploblastic).
• How do Cnidarians eat/digest food, what type of GI system?
• What is unique about Cnidarians: what tools do they use to hunt for heterotrophy?
  • Nematocyst organelles in their cnidocyte hunting cells shoot out neurotoxin.
• What are the two body stages / body types in a Cnidarian life cycle?
  • Polyp (sessile) and medusa (motile).
• What is the name of the harpoon-like structure in the Cnidocyte cells? What is it used for?
  • Nematocyst is used to hunt and capture prey.
• What is special about Corals?
  • They're a symbiotic relationship between
• What is meant by coral “bleaching”? What does that do to the Cnidarian?
• What are the benefits for each member of the mutualistic relationship?
• Corals have beautiful pigments, but can also “glow”. It that glowing achieved through fluorescence or through bioluminescence? What is the difference: Which “glowing” is enzyme-based, requiring a substrate and energy? Which “glowing” is via absorption of a specific wavelength of light, and emission at a different wavelength?
• How many tissue layer types are in a sponge, a jellyfish, a clam, an insect, a frog, and you?

Land Animals

• What is the difference between diploblastic and triploblastic animals, in terms of tissue layers (how many, and name them) - and body symmetry, how is that different?
• Triploblastic animals are divided into two groups based on the early embryonic development at the gastrula stage – what is the difference between protostomes, and deuterostomes?
• For protostomes and deuterostomes: diploblatic or triploblastic, radial or bilateral symmetry in these animals?
• What are the three internal body plans for simple animals with bilateral symmetry? What are the unique characteristics of each, that distinguish them from each other?
• Name some Protostome animals: what are the two major classes based on type of skeleton? Which protostomes fall into each category?
• What are three example groups of mollusks, what is a mantle, what does it do? What are pearls?
• Which single group of mollusks has a closed circulatory system?
• What are three examples of Arthropods what distinguishes this group among Protostomes?
• What are the main distinguishing characteristics of Arthropods?
• What are the most successful Arthropods in: aquatic vs. terrestrial environments?
• What does chelicerate mean? How do harvestmen (order: Opiliones) and true spiders (order: Araneae) differ?
• How do insects perform gas exchange?
• Pterygote insects evolved flight and have two pairs of wings – what two groups of insects cannot fold their wings close to their bodies? See table in slides ... and where do their larvae live?
• What is the evolutionary origin of insect wings, the tissues that preceded wings, and the gene responsible?
• What are HOX genes? What is remarkable about how they are organized in genomes, from insects to humans?
• Describe the role HOX genes - what they cause or how they affect animal development.
• Name Arthropods that undergo incomplete metamorphosis.
• Name Arthropods that undergo complete metamorphosis.
• How did flight evolve in insects? From what tissues, with what genes?
• Diversity among winged insects, the neat TRAITS!!! ...
  • What is the difference between complete and incomplete metamorphosis?
  • What is special about Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies, mayflies),
  • What is special about Coleoptera (beetles),
  • What is special about Hemiptera (true bugs),
  • What is special about Diptera (flies), what is special about Hymenoptera (wasps).