- All Deuterostomes
- Echinoderms
- Hemichordates
- Cephalochordates
- Urochordates
- Vertebrates
- Echinoderms
- Bilateral symmetry as larvae.
- Radial symmetry as adults.
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Star fish, sea urchins, sea cucumber.
- Urochordates
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Sea squirts, tunicates
- No coelom, open circulation, asexual or bisexual
- Chordate hallmarks only in embryos
Vertebrates
Fishes
- Outgroup
- Hagfish
- No vertebrates
- Jawless Fishes
- Hagfish & Lampreys (parasitic)
- Chondrich... Abbreviation
- Cartilage
- Chondrichthyans
- First fish with jaws
- Cartilage fish, not bony
- Ray-Finned Fish
- First boney fishes
- Vertebral column, skull, brain, heart
- Lobe-Finned Fishes
- Lobe-fins precursors to tetra-pod limbs
- Coelacanth, joints start transitioning to bone.
- Tetrapod limbs are modified fins.
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- Tilaalik Roseae
Amniotic Eggs
- Amniotic Eggs
- Allows mammals to move further onto land.
- Amniotic egg becomes modified in mammals.
Primate Phylogeny
- Wet-nosed primates
- Lemurs
- dry-nosed primates
- Orangutans
- Gorilla
- Apes
- Humans
Humans diverge from the LUCA of chimpanzees and bonobos.
- Amphibians
- Have gas exchange through their skin.
- Have moist, slimy skin.
- Require water for reproduction.
- Reptiles
- Do not have slimy skin.
- Do not exchange gas through their skin.
- Their skin is made from keratin.
- Have amniotic eggs.
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- Lay eggs outside their body
-
- Eggs maintain an aqueous environment (porous).
- Mammals
- Have amniotic eggs.
-
- Feed their young through mammary glands.
-
- Placental: circulatory system bridges fetus to mother.
-
- Fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for oxygen from mother's blood.
- Birds
- Feathered reptiles.
Powered Flight
Has evolved 3 separate times in vertebrates.
- Analogous function.
- Homologous bone evolution.
Mammals
- Mammals
- Out-group are reptiles
- Have mammary glands
Types of Mammals
- Marsupials
- Placental mammals.
- Live births, nurtured in a pouch.
- Eutherians
- Placental mammals.
- Live, autonomous births.