- Heterotrophs
- Derive organic nutrition externally
- Common ancestor are protists
-
Microbrial eukaryotes
- Animals
- Eukaryotic
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophs
- Internal processes to break down food.
- Most can move (except for sponges).
- Heterotrophs
- Filter feeders
-
Sponges
- Herbivores
-
Goats
- Predators
-
Owls
- Parasites
-
Lampreys
- Detritivores
-
Shrimp
- Omnivores
-
Humans
- Carnivores
-
Bats
- Cell Surface of an Animal
- No cell wall usually
- Made of glycoprotein, carbs, proteins, cytoskeleton
- Extracellular Matrix ECM
- Exists just outside the cell membrane
- Contains collagen
-
Triple-alpha helix
- Contains proteoglycans
-
Proteins + Carbs
- Tight Junctions
- In animal cells
- Epithelial cells
- Proteins connect neighboring cells tightly
-
Prevents leaky gut
- Barrs movement of dissolved materials between cells.
- Desmosomes
- In animal cells
- Link adjacent cells tightly, but permit materials to pass in the intercellular space.
- Gap Junctions
- In animal cells
- Let adjacent cells communicate
- Allows for sharing ions, signals.
- Have connexins (channel proteins) that span into adjacent cell membranes (hydrophilic channel) for sharing nutrients/signals.
- Sponges
- Are primitive animals.
- Filter feefers
- Beating flagella moves water
- Phagocytosis (choanocytes are phagocytic feeding cells).
- Respiration
- Structural Spicules
- Are monoblastic (one tissue layer)
- Sedentary
- Spongin - a modified collagen protein
- Reproduce sexually (fragmentation) or asexually (sperm).
Anthropods
- Antropods
- Land or water
- Exoskeleton outside the body made of chitin.
- Segmented bodies with paried, jointed, appendages.
-
Crustaceans
- Insects Anthropod
- Have gas exchange by diffustion
- Most have 2 pairs of wings.
- Body segments: Head, thorax, abdomen.
- Have mandibles
- Arachnids Anthropod
- 4 pairs of appendages = 8 legs
- Are all chelicerates (have fangs)
- Pointed mouths used for grasping.
-
- Not chewing mouthparts
- May have hollow celicerae w/ venom.
- Tardigrades Anthropod
- Tiny water bears, hardy in dormant states.
- Are ecdysozoans that molt.
Two Types of Protosomes
- Lophootochozoa
- Not segmented.
- Skeletons are internal, no shedding/molting.
-
Mollusks
- Ecdysozoa
- Often jointed.
- Molting/shedding insects.
- External exoskeleton made of chitin.
-
Anthropods
Mollusks
- Largest group of marine animals (no joints).
- Have an open circulatory system (except cephalopods: squids, octopus).
- Mantle
- Fold of tissue secretes calcareous shell for protection.
- Mantle Cavity
- Contains gills for gas exchange of filter feeding.
Body Cavity Classifications
- Acoelomate Anti-Coelomate
- Body cavity not fluid.
- No internal organs, only gut.
- Not a true body cavity, no distinct structure.
-
Flat worms
- Psuedocoelomate Semi-Coelomate
- No mesoderm.
- Has unorganized internal organs.
- Fluid-filled body cavity.
- Coelomate True body cavity
- Internal organs are organized w/ the mesoderms.
- Body cavity lined with mesoderms.
Circulatory Systems
- Gastrovascular Cavity
- Cnidaria
-
Sponges, jellies, anenomes
- Open Circulatory System
- Have hemolyph similar to blood
- Anthropods
-
Snails, clams, insects
- Closed Circulatory System w/o an endothelium
- Annelids (segmented worms)
- Squid, octopus
- No red blood cells.
- Closed Circulatory System lined with endothelium
- Humans, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds
Developmental Biology
Gastrulation determines phylogeny of organism.
- Blastopore
- 1st opening during gastrulation.
- Gastrulation
- Animal egg to 1st ball of cells.
- Differentiation of cell layers into ectotherm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endotherm (inner).
- Protosomes
-
Insects
- Gastrulation: 1st blastopore develops into the mouth.
- Deuterosomes
-
Humans
- Gastrulation: 1st blastopore develops into the anus.
Corals
- Are symbiosis of cnidarians (animals) and dinoflagellates (microbial eukaryotes).
- Coral provides protection, living space, nutrients.
- Dinoflagellates provide oxygen, food, increase calcification.
Light
- Bioluminescents
- Uses enzymes to create light
-
Firefly, Corals
- Fluorescent
- Absorbs, then emits light
-
Jellyfish
HOX Genes
- HOX Genes Homeotic Genes
- HOX genes code for HOX proteins.
- HOX = developmental/segment genes.
-
PDM
- HOX Proteins
- Transcription factors that bind dna to regulate the activity of many target genes at once.
- Turn mRNA synthesis on or off to alter protein synthesis.
- Matches with sequence in multiple parts of a gene to start (more common) or stop transcription for multiple genes at once.
- Turns groups of related genes on or off together.
- Motif
- ? DNA sequence (target)
- HOX genes are related by common ancestry
- UBX7 gene determines how many segments in insect thorax.
- HOX gene expression determines body morphology around a homologous species.
- HOX genes are conserved through evolution.
- In mammals, HOX genes are similar, but not identical.
- HOX genes act to position body parts.
- Changes in HOX genes correlate w/ evolutionary changes in morphology.
- Changes in # of HOX genes = changes in symmetry axis & body pattern.
- More genes = more complex.
- Range (where) HOX genes are expressed = changes in body segments in insects.
- Different HOX alleles = form changes (legs or no legs).
- They change and regulate function in downstream genes.
- = Changes in form/function.
Metamorphosis
- Morphological changes between developmental stages.
- Complete
- Changes are dramatic.
- HOX genes change from juvenille to metamorphosizing larvel tissues.
- Incomplete
- Changes are gradual, less dramatic.
- HOX genes remain active throughout metamorphosis.