Goals

• Summarize the major influences of psychoactive drugs and their influences on behavior.
  • Stimulants
    • Block reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
    • Enhanced mood and increased energy
  • Depressants
    • Increase GABA, decreases acetylcholine
    • Calming, reduced coordination, response time, and inhibition
  • Opioids
    • Chemically similar to endorphins
    • Reduce pain, slow bodily functions
  • Hallucinogens
    • Chemically similar to serotonin and epinephrine
    • Alter thinking, sense of time, emotions and create hallucinations
  • Cannabinoids
    • THC creates psychoactive experience
    • Euphoria, increased appetite
  • Dissociatives
    • Block glutamate
    • Slow bodily functions, feel detached
  • Empathogens
    • Chemically similar to serotonin, dopamine, and epinephrine
    • Feelings of empathy
• Name the signs one's drug use might be becoming problematic.
  • Impaired control, cravings, develops a tolerance, develops a dependence on the drug.
  • Consequences of drug use don't matter - such as the loss of a job from a failed drug test.
• Name programs that can help with a drug problem.
  • 12-Step Alcoholics Anonymous Program.
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I).
• Name the usual phases of sleep and note the characteristics of each phase.
  • Awake
    • Beta Waves
  • Drowsy, relaxed
    • Alpha Waves
  • Stage N3 Sleep
    • Deep sleep
    • Delta Waves
  • Stage N2 Sleep
    • Sleep Spindles
  • Stage N1 Sleep
    • Theta Waves
  • REM Sleep
    • Light sleep
    • Fast, random waves
    • When dreaming occurs
    • When long-term memory storage occurs
• Know the disorders that affect sleep.
  • Insomnia
    • Most common.
    • Persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep.
  • Sleep Apnea
    • Pauses in breathing during sleep.
    • Can be treated with C-PAP machine to help breathe.
  • Narcolepsy
    • Extreme daytime sleepiness, accompanied by brief bouts of "sleep" during waking hours.
  • Somnambulism
    • Sleepwalking, occurs during N2, N3, deep sleep. Hard to wake somebody up.
  • Sleep Terrors
    • Night terrors
  • REM Behavior Disorder
    • Acting out dreams
• Identify specific behaviors that support sleep hygiene.
  • Stick to a schedule
  • Keep the bed at a cool temp.
  • Glycine
    • Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and helps calm things down.
  • Monitor eating and drinking, and blue light at night.
  • Notice unhelpful thoughts about sleep and challenge them.
    • "I'll be a wreck if I don't sleep well" = "I might be drowsy, but I can push through"
  • Stimulus Control - Only associate the bed with sleep
    • In bed stressing about not sleeping = the bed is associated with your stressing.
    • If not asleep in 30 minutes, get up and relax elsewhere for a while.
  • Relaxation Techniques
    • Meditation
    • Deep breathing

Drugs

Drug use is culture dependent: Scotland has an alcohol problem. Helping someone with drug use is culture dependent: Culture in Scotland revolves around alcohol, so treating an alcohol addition in Scotland would require moderation, not abstinence.

Addiction

How much is too much?

Impaired Control

• Craving
• Tolerance

Physical Dependence

• Withdrawal

Social Problems

• Neglecting other parts of life, such as their job.

Risky Use

• Consequences don't seem to deter.
  • Doesn't stop if a failed drug test causes them to lose their job.

Treatment

• Needs social support.
• Plan out day to avoid drug use.
• Model skills to navigate high risk situations and long-term recovery.
• Identify what life you want to lead, what are your values, and how do we get there?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Relapse Prevention

• Learn how to cope with cravings
• Understanding triggers to use and learning to handle those

12-Step Alcoholics Anonymous Program

• Improve relationships with others
• Improve relationships with God

Sleep

Sleep Deprivation

Cumulative effect of missing just 2 hours of sleep a night for a week is the same as going without it for 2 days.

• Some people become euphoric, happy, giddy, hypomanic.
  • More common is that negative emotions very strong - depressed, dysphoric, anxious, fearful.
• Body prefers simple sugars and carbs for an immediate energy release.
• Less emotion regulation. More emotionally reactive.
• Impaired performance. Reaction time decreases.
• Brain becomes distracted. Craves stimuli to keep itself awake.
• Poor attention. Poor inhibition.
• Drifts into micro-sleep.

Sleep Stages

Determined by the amount of electrical activity in the brain. Can be measured by an EEG.

Starts in N3 Sleep, aka deep sleep, and progress into REM sleep, aka dreaming, as the night wears on. After 2 hours of sleep, there is no more N3, deep, sleep. The sleep cycle cycles between N2, N1, and REM.

• Awake
  • Beta Waves
• Drowsy, relaxed
  • Alpha Waves
• Stage N3 Sleep
  • Deep sleep
  • Delta Waves
• Stage N2 Sleep
  • Sleep Spindles
• Stage N1 Sleep
  • Theta Waves
• REM Sleep
  • Light sleep
  • Fast, random waves
  • When dreaming occurs
  • When long-term memory storage occurs

Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia
  • Most common.
  • Persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep.
• Sleep Apnea
  • Pauses in breathing during sleep.
  • Can be treated with C-PAP machine to help breathe.
• Narcolepsy
  • Extreme daytime sleepiness, accompanied by brief bouts of "sleep" during waking hours.
• Somnambulism
  • Sleepwalking, occurs during N2, N3, deep sleep. Hard to wake somebody up.
• Sleep Terrors
  • Night terrors
• REM Behavior Disorder
  • Acting out dreams

Treatment

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)

Sleep Hygiene

• Stick to a schedule
• Keep the bed at a cool temp.
• Magnesium Glycinate
  • Magnesium helps ?
  • Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and helps calm things down.
• Monitor eating and drinking, and blue light at night.
• Notice unhelpful thoughts about sleep and challenge them.
  • "I'll be a wreck if I don't sleep well" = "I might be drowsy, but I can push through"
• Stimulus Control - Only associate the bed with sleep
  • In bed stressing about not sleeping = the bed is associated with your stressing.
  • If not asleep in 30 minutes, get up and relax elsewhere for a while.
• Relaxation Techniques
  • Meditation
  • Deep breathing