MRE11

Application of CRISPR in plant seeds!

Soaking method?

Need bioinformatics to find the RNA sequence!

Look at the reference studies from the 2025 review article for DNA repair genes!

By convention, single strands of DNA and RNA sequences are written in a 5′-to-3′ direction except as needed to illustrate the pattern of base pairing.

DNA Directionality

Types of Cells in Arabidopsis Seed

Testa

?

Hypocotyl

?

Radicle

?

Cotyledons

?

Endosperm

?

Introduction

• Establish the context, background and/or importance of the topic
• Indicate an issue, problem, or controversy in the field of study
• Define the topic or key terms
• State the purpose of the essay or piece of writing
• Provide an overview of the coverage and/or structure of the writing

• Establishing the context, background and/or importance of the topic
• Giving a brief review of the relevant academic literature
• Identifying a problem, controversy or a knowledge gap in the field of study
• Stating the aim(s) of the research and the research questions or hypotheses
• Providing a synopsis of the research design and method(s)
• Explaining the significance or value of the study
• Defining certain key terms
• Providing an overview of the dissertation or report structure

• Establishing the territory (establishing importance of the topic, reviewing previous work)
• Identifying a niche (indicating a gap in knowledge)
• Occupying the niche (listing purpose of new research, listing questions, stating value, indicating structure of writing)

Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline

...

Structure

• Major Sections

  • Introducing Work

    • Establishing the importance of the topic for the discipline
    • Establishing the importance of the topic for the world or society
    • Establishing the importance of the topic as a problem to be addressed
    • Referring to previous work to establish what is already known
    • Identifying a controversy within the field of study
    • Noting the lack of or paucity of previous research
    • Highlighting inadequacies or weaknesses of previous studies
    • General reference to previous research or scholarship: highlighting negative outcomes
    • Indicating missing, weak, or contradictory evidence
    • Identifying a knowledge gap in the field of study
    • Stating the focus, aim, or argument of a short paper
    • Stating the aims of the current research
    • Stating purpose of the current research with reference to gaps or issues in the literature
    • Stating the purpose of the thesis, dissertation, or research article
    • Setting out the research questions or hypotheses
    • Describing the research design and the methods used
    • Explaining the significance of the current study
    • Giving reasons for personal interest in the research
    • Explaining Keywords
    • Describing the limitations of the current study
    • Outlining the Structure
    • Previewing a Chapter

  • Reviewing the Literature

    • General comments on the relevant literature
    • Previous Research
    • Reference to previous research: important studies
    • Referring to a single investigation in the past
    • Referring to important texts in the area of interest
    • Describing what other writers do in their published work
    • Referring to another writer's idea(s) or position
    • Synthesizing sources: contrasting evidence or ideas
    • Referring to secondary sources
    • Summarizing the studies reviewed
    • Summarizing the literature review

  • Describing Methods

    • Describing previously used methods
    • Indicating the methodology for the current research
    • Giving reasons why a particular method was adopted
    • Referring to the literature to justify a method or approach
    • Indicating the use of an established method
    • Giving reasons why a particular method was rejected
    • Explaining the provenance of the participants
    • Describing the characteristics of the participants
    • Explaining the provenance of articles for review
    • Indicating criteria for selection or inclusion in the study
    • Describing the process
    • Indicating methodological problems or limitations

  • Reporting Results

    • Referring back to the research aims or procedures
    • Transition: moving to the next result
    • Referring to data in a table or chart
    • Highlighting significant data in a table or chart
    • Stating a positive result
    • Stating a negative result
    • Reporting positive and negative reactions
    • Highlighting interesting or surprising results
    • Surveys and Interviews
    • Summarizing the results section

  • Discussing Findings

    • Providing Background Information
    • Restating a result or one of several results
    • Pointing out interesting or important findings
    • Indicating an unexpected outcome
    • Indicating an expected outcome
    • Comparing the Result
    • Offering an explanation for the findings
    • Advising cautious interpretation of the findings
    • Commenting on the findings
    • Suggesting general hypotheses
    • Noting implications of the findings
    • Suggestions for future work

  • Writing Conclusions

    • Referring back to the purpose of the paper or study
    • Summarizing the main research findings
    • Suggesting implications for what is already known
    • Explaining the significance of the findings or contribution of the study
    • Commenting on the strengths of the current study
    • Introducing the limitations of the current study
    • Detailing specific limitations
    • Acknowledging limitation(s) whilst stating a finding or contribution
    • Making recommendations for further research work
    • Implications and/or recommendations for practice or policy

• General Functions of Academic Writing

  • Being Cautious

    • Devices that distance the writer from a proposition
    • Being cautious when giving explanations
    • Being cautious when explaining results
    • Advising cautious interpretation of results
    • Being cautious when discussing implications or recommendations
    • Being cautious when writing about the future
    • Devices for avoiding over-generalization

  • Being Critical

    • Introductory phrases
    • Highlighting inadequacies of previous studies
    • Identifying a weakness in a single study or paper
    • Introducing problems and limitations with a theory or argument
    • Introducing problems and limitations with a method or practice
    • Criticizing an author or an author's work
    • Offering constructive suggestions
    • Evaluating work positively
    • Introducing the critical responses of individual writers
    • Introducing a section of text which has a critical purpose

References