15.1 - Translation

Codon: A part of the mRNA sequence.; A snippet of three RNA bases that translates into 1 amino acid.
Anti-Codon: 3 bases that pair with mRNA codon.; The anti-codon base-pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA.
Start Codons Inclusive: Tells where to start translating the mRNA sequence.; Every sequence starts with methionine (met).
Stop Codons Exclusive: Stops translating before this codon.
tRNA Transfer RNA: Identifies codons and brings in the correct amino acid.; Binds to mRNA based on the complementary anti-codon sequence.
Protein: A poly-peptide chain.; A chain of amino acids.

Translation

mRNA is always translated into proteins in the 5' to 3' direction.

Termination: Release factor protein binds to the stop codon and causes everything to release.; This is why stop codon are exclusive.
Reading Frame: How codons are read in groups of 3.; AUG (Methionine) establishes the reading frame.; Allows skipping over early stop codons that might prevent the whole protein from being translated.
Elongation: The building of the amino acid sequence.

Sides for tRNAs to sit and work.

Anti-codons (tRNA) are opposite codons (mRNA) in both direction and nucleotides.

Substitutions: Only one codon/base/amino acid changes.; Bases swap, amino acid may or may not change.
Insertions: May have one more amino acid.; Changes the length of RNA/codons.; May change the reading frame.
Deletions: May have one less amino acid.; Changes the length of RNA/codons.; May change the reading frame.

Silent mutations are mutations that don't cause a change in gene expression.

Base change in beta globulin affects the red blood cell shape.

Somatic Cell Body Cells: NOT passed to offspring; Lung cell mutation → cancer
Germ Cells Sex Cells: CAN be passed to offspring; egg/sperm mutation → inherited disease
Single Celled Organisms Like Bacteria: ALWAYS passed on; Every DNA copy = exact copy of mutations

Not all mutations are bad.

Most harmful because it effects multiple genes.